{"id":397,"date":"2021-12-13T22:59:34","date_gmt":"2021-12-13T22:59:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zerotobyte.com\/?p=397"},"modified":"2021-12-20T15:28:29","modified_gmt":"2021-12-20T15:28:29","slug":"absolute-value-in-python-with-examples","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zerotobyte.com\/absolute-value-in-python-with-examples\/","title":{"rendered":"Absolute Value in Python with Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>All sorts of mathematical calculations often require computation with absolute values \u200b\u200bof numbers. The absolute value in Python is calculated in several ways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Absolute value is the non-negative value of a given number.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here we will cover the four most used methods with time analysis and estimate which of the ways is the fastest and best use cases for each.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Time analysis is measured using decorator @time_decorator. All values are displayed in nanoseconds (ns).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the following list, you can see the syntax of all the methods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><code class=\"inline-code-style\">abs(x)<\/code><\/li><li><code class=\"inline-code-style\">math.fabs(x)<\/code><\/li><li><code class=\"inline-code-style\">numpy.abs(x)<\/code><\/li><li><code class=\"inline-code-style\">( x**2 ) ** 0.5<\/code><\/li><li><code class=\"inline-code-style\">-x if x &lt; 0 else x<\/code><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Parameters<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>x<\/strong> &#8211; numeric expression<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Python absolute value with abs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Using abs is the most obvious way to calculate the absolute value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Abs is a built-in function<\/strong>, there is no need to import. The Python interpreter recognizes the syntax of built-in functions, and they are always available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\"><strong>WARNING<\/strong> - Python\u2019s abs function does not belong to the math module.<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">abs(-5)\n\nabs(-5.0)\n\nabs(-5j)\n\n# Output:\n# 5\n# 5.0\n# 5.0\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>Integer<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Float<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Complex<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Return value<\/strong><\/td><td>int<\/td><td>float<\/td><td>float<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>If given a complex number, abs returns its magnitude.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\"><strong>NOTE<\/strong> - magnitude is sqrt(a<sup>2<\/sup> + b<sup>2<\/sup>) <\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Abs supports integer, float, and complex numbers and all objects with the __abs__ method implemented.<br>Let&#8217;s check the time analysis below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Time analysis of abs function<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>I will display the absolute value in Python time analysis in nanoseconds (ns).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example 1.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">@time_decorator\ndef abs_function(x):\n    return abs(x)\n\nabs_function(-5)\n\n# Output:\n# Total execution time: 188 ns<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The average execution time based on 100 executions is 189 ns.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.python.org\/3\/library\/functions.html#abs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Abs documentation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Python absolute value with math.fabs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to the built-in functions, we also have a math module that provides mathematical functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By default, all return values are float. Math.fabs function is no different.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Complex numbers are not supported.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example 1.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">math.fabs(5)\n\nmath.fabs(-5)\n\nmath.fabs(-5j)\n\n# Output:\n# 5.0\n# 5.0\n# TypeError: can't convert complex to float\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>Integer<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Float<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Complex<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Return value<\/strong><\/td><td>float<\/td><td>float<\/td><td>TypeError<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Time analysis of fabs function<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">@time_decorator\ndef fabs_function(x):\n    return math.fabs(x)\n\nfabs_function(-5)\n\n# Output:\n# Total execution time: 241 ns\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The average execution time based on 100 executions is 247ns.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.python.org\/3\/library\/math.html#math.fabs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Math.fabs documentation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Python absolute value with numpy.abs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>NumPy, one of the most popular libraries in Python that handles matrices and lists, also has excellent support for mathematical operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We will cover the numpy.abs method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example 1.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">numpy.abs(-5)\n\nnumpy.abs(-5.0)\n\nnumpy.abs(-5j)\n\n# Output:\n# 5\n# 5.0\n# 5.0\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>Integer<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Float<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Complex<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Return value<\/strong><\/td><td>numpy.int64<\/td><td>numpy.float64<\/td><td>numpy.float64<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\"><strong>NOTE <\/strong>\n\n- numpy.abs support lists and return numpy.ndarray with positive numbers!\n\n- numpy.abs and numpy.absolute are completely identical.\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Time analysis of numpy.abs function<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">@time_decorator\ndef numpy_function(x):\n    return numpy.abs(x)\n\nnumpy_function(-5)\n\n# Output:\n# Total execution time: 929 ns\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The average execution time based on 100 executions is 952ns.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/numpy.org\/doc\/stable\/reference\/generated\/numpy.absolute.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Numpy.abs documentation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Python absolute value implementation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There are two ways to implement your absolute value. Here we will show both.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The first consists of squaring the number (we get a positive squared number) and then <a href=\"https:\/\/zerotobyte.com\/how-to-calculate-python-square-root\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">rooting<\/a>, in which we get a non-square positive value of the initial number.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The second is probably more apparent. If the number is negative, we multiply it with -1, leaving us with a positive number.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example 1.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\"># squaring and then rooting\n( x**2 ) ** 0.5<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>Integer<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Float<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Complex<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Return value<\/strong><\/td><td>float<\/td><td>float<\/td><td>complex<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\"># if negative, multiply with -1\n-x if x &lt; 0 else x<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>Integer<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Float<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Complex<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Return value<\/strong><\/td><td>int<\/td><td>float<\/td><td>TypeError: &#8216;&lt;&#8216; not supported between instances of &#8216;complex&#8217; and &#8216;int&#8217;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Time analysis of implementation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">@time_decorator\ndef square_root(x):\n    return (x ** 2) ** 0.5\n\nsquare_root(-5)\n\n# Output:\n# Total execution time: 449 ns\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The average execution time based on 100 executions is 451ns.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"python\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">@time_decorator\ndef minus_negative(x):\n    return -x if x &lt; 0 else x\n\nminus_negative(-5)\n\n# Output:\n# Total execution time: 187 ns\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The average execution time based on 100 executions is 185ns.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>I hope you now have a better understanding of calculating absolute value in Python. Each of these methods has some advantages and disadvantages that you must recognize concerning the use case. Whether you need performance, computing with lists, or working with complex numbers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Considering the performance, these are the results:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>abs<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>math.fabs<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>numpy.abs<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>sqrt(x2)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>-x if x &lt; 0<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Speed (based on 100 iterations) in ns<\/strong><\/td><td>189<\/td><td>247<\/td><td>952<\/td><td>451<\/td><td>185<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\"><strong>NOTE <\/strong>\n\n- Tested in Python 3.10 version. In other versions, the results could be slightly different.\n\n- The results will and should vary depending on the specifications of the computer you are using.\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>That\u2019s all and stay positive. \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\">System specs:\n\nCPU: Intel\u00ae Core\u2122 i5-7200U CPU @ 2.50GHz \u00d7 4\nGPU: NV117 \/ Mesa Intel\u00ae HD Graphics 620\nRAM: 8GB\n\nPython 3.10.1\n[GCC 9.3.0] on Linux\n<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>All sorts of mathematical calculations often require computation with absolute values \u200b\u200bof numbers. 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